angdui Tombs of the Han Dynasty geographical position Mawangdui Han In the eastern suburbs of Furong district in Hunan province Changsha city four thousand meters Liuyang River Adjacent to Mawangdui Township, is Changsha in the early Western Han Dynasty, the capital of the Prime Minister of tyre Hou family cemetery, 1972 to 1974 at the Changsha in the eastern suburbs of the Liuyang River Township of Mawangdui excavated three tombs. The three tombs, tomb No. two is at the beginning of the Chinese Changsha Prime Minister Hou tyre Li Cang The tomb is Li Cang, wife of tomb No. three is the son of Li cang. Three Mawangdui Han tomb tomb buried in different. The two tomb tomb buried in the capital about tyre Hou Lu after two years (186 BC), the three son of Li Cang tomb tomb buried in the Western Han Dynasty emperor yuan twelve years ago (168 BC), a tomb tomb buried in Li Cang wife may be a little late . Mawangdui is a mound in the lower Liuyang River alluvial plain, about 500 meters long, 230 meters wide, mound things have a circular and flat mounds, a distance of 20 meters, the bottom is connected, from afar, because the appearance is like a horse saddle is the local people called "saddle heap". On the 2 mounds, there are many beautiful legends. The Northern Song Dynasty " Taiping Huanyuji "Recorded in the Western Han Dynasty, Wang Changsha Liu In the east of Changsha County in ten to bury his mother, Tang Erji, called "double female". The Ming and Qing Dynasties, local chronicles and so many records, such as the period of Emperor Guangxu "Hunan Tongzhi" clearly pointed out that "two Ji tomb in Changsha County east". The legend of the Five Dynasties and the king Mayin And the family cemetery, named Mawangdui. The original Ma Yin had capital Changsha, the son of Changsha business for decades, leaving many monuments to date, such as "Kowloon Temple", "King Street". Mawangdui is on the Ma family cemetery in view, there are people skeptical, think this is a suspected mass graves, but also from the local chronicles to find relevant records for this view. As the period of Emperor Guangxu "Hunan Tongzhi" reference "Shanhua county" said: "the champion of suspected mass graves, in five, the Ma Yinzhu County in the southeast, according to legend three thousand three hundred and sixty-seven." Mawangdui Tombs of the Han Dynasty In the process of Mawangdui Tombs of the Han Dynasty Preliminary exploration The winter of 1951, archaeologists Xianai To Changsha archaeological survey, 2 connected mounds were found in the eastern suburbs of Wulipai Changsha, based on his profound knowledge of archaeology judgment is the tombs of the Han dynasty. In 1952, Chinese Archaeological Research Institute and the Hunan cultural relics management committee joint investigation this mound, confirm there is a large group of tombs of the Han dynasty. In 1961, the Hunan provincial government to the provincial cultural relics protection units and establish protection signs, but did not discover. Hunan Provincial Museum and China Archaeological Institute in 1972 to explore the tomb No. 1; 1973 to early 1974, No. 2, No. 3 excavated tomb. In 1973 published " Changsha Mawangdui tomb ". By the end of 1971, in response to the "readiness" mobilization, located near the Mawangdui provincial military hospital decided in 366 Mawangdui The two small hillside building underground hospital, landslides often encountered in the construction of drilling drilling with the drill rod from coming out of the choking gas, a fire ignited a mysterious blue flame. Lit the mysterious blue flame terrified and confused. The first received message Hunan Provincial Museum The Liang Hou Immediately realized that the encounter is an ancient tomb, the tomb of this call in Hunan dialect. The fire pit tomb . Mawangdui Tombs of the Han Dynasty The process of mining In December 30, 1971, the relevant archaeological experts report submitted to the State Council and the application, hope The formal excavation of Mawangdui. In January 14, 1972, the State Council issued a document approved. In January 1972, the archaeological team formally conducted scientific excavation of the mysterious tombs, showing the tombs of 20 meters long from north to south, East 17 meters long, which belongs to the large ancient tombs. January 16th excavation work started. The excavation is mainly responsible for the Hunan Provincial Museum, Changsha city large, school students and the local garrison involved. The first is to clean up the tomb mound, on the mound. The first is a circular hole, straight toward the tomb below the plug has been extended down to 17 meters, Daodong disappeared. The people dug a sticky mud, its name is called white clay Often, to protect the tomb, is said to have good closed. In the excavation site, workers suddenly dug up green leaves in the plaster, in subsequent excavations, people in the soil were found in the green branches and yellow green bamboo basket. Mawangdui Tulian Oupian Mawangdui Tulian Oupian This is a square of the tomb, 20 meters deep, gradually narrowed from top to bottom, the grave bottom placed 4 meters long, 1.5 meters high in the coffin room, opened the coffin plate is underground treasure: the central is a huge coffin, four sides of the box filled with treasures. On the cultural relics when extracted in the archaeological team, a lacquer was found in the east side box, open the lid that is below the water, float a layer of lotus root, lotus root is more than 2000 years. Mawangdui Tombs of the Han Dynasty A tomb In December 1971, close to the Mawangdui The construction of fortifications readiness 366 Hospital of PLA, the overall direction of mining shelter towards Mawangdui, which led directly to the workers discovered "wildfire" in the construction process, and the collective strike. The contractor immediately informed of the situation to the Hunan provincial museum. Hunan Provincial Museum Sent Bear pass salary A pedestrian to investigate, and ultimately found shelter in the mining process has touched a tomb. After the discussion, Hunan provincial museum decided to explore the soil disturbance shelter sealing the tomb, and named it Mawangdui tomb, another letter of soil was named Mawangdui tomb No. two. After reporting to higher authorities, 12000 yuan of funds from the archaeological excavations began to apply for is compressed to 6000 yuan. In order to save money, for a number of archaeological excavation tools have been greatly reduced, at the same time the museum staff almost all involved in the excavation work. As in the The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution In the period, when just beginning to explore the museum, most of the staff were placed under the countryside to participate in the work, can work every day only more than 30 people, some were once active in the area of the Changsha thieves. But after that, the excavation work began to be voluntary help from all walks of life: to provide engineering machinery and machinery operators in Hunan Changsha large-scale construction machinery factory for excavation work, directly under the Hunan cultural system units provide transportation for excavators, the local garrison and Changsha city schools and colleges to explore when the earth moving human, as well as a post Hunan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Hunan Medical College To participate in the protection of cultural relics. Mawangdui Tombs of the Han Dynasty Tomb No. two or three In September 1973, the State Council approval to continue to explore the Mawangdui tomb No. two and No. three tomb. In November 18th two or three, the tomb excavation work started. In December 14th three, the tomb first cleared, including a large number of unearthed silk is the most valuable cultural relics in the tomb. The coffin in the tomb of the three layer have been cracking, covering clothes quilt wrapped the body of serious decay, the body only bones. In January 13, 1974, two, the end of the excavation of tombs. The results show that the two tomb in the Tang Dynasty had been stolen, after several excavation, damage is very serious, the coffin collapsed, a large number of cultural relics were destroyed, the owner of the tomb remains in disorder, it is lamentable. But careful archaeologists from the tomb of the earth or screened 3 seals, were engraved with the "Changsha Prime Minister", "Zhiyin tyre Hou" and "Li Cang", a decisive role in determining the owner of the tomb and the tomb's. The jade seal to seal engraved with "Li Cang" two words, for Li Cang private printing; another 2 pieces of copper, gold seal, turtle knob, respectively engraved "tyre Hou Zhiyin" and "Changsha Prime Minister" Zhuanti intaglio. According to "historical records of the king between Hou chronology" records: "tyre country, seven hundred. Han Emperor two years in April the letter Changsha Xiang Li Bin Hou, Hou 120th." "Han Gao Huigao but hero form" records: "Li Cang Zhu Hou tyre, in Changsha phase Hou, seven hundred. In April two the letter, eight years hong." "Historical records" and "Han" written content is basically the same, only the first generation of tyre Hou name, respectively "Licang" and "Li Cang zhu". Unearthed from Mawangdui tomb No. two "and" Li Cang "seal. Redords of the Grand History of China "Each other, when the" warehouse "and" green "can be generic, proof of tomb No. two tomb is really the first generation of tyre Hou, Prime Minister Lee Cang Changsha opposite states. Mawangdui Tombs of the Han Dynasty The process of being opened open Container loading lotus root Ding moire paint Container loading lotus root Ding moire paint The coffin again unexpected, even large coffin kit with 4 layers, the inside is placed the remains of the tomb of the coffin, lid of a coffin Covered with a "T" type of mystery Bohua This picture is two meters long, and the huge painting was first discovered in the archaeological history of the China. 4 layer coffin huge with good wood to build, the outside is painted black, dignified plain coffin, no decoration; the second layer is black Painted lacquer coffin Black, on the basis of the golden paint complex cloud pattern lines, interspersed with 111 monster or fairy, pattern rich imagination, rough lines, filled with a mysterious atmosphere of ancient times; the third layer is Zhu painted lacquer coffin, on the basis of red with green, brown, yellow and other colors. Describe many auspicious patterns, it drew 6 dragons, 3 tigers, 3 deer, 1 chicken and 1 immortals, compared with the outside of the coffin, the coffin is magnificent; the inside of the coffin, the coffin body painted with black paint, with silk and Embroidered Brocade decoration outside. To see the tomb owner's face, must be opened outside wrapped in silk goods, people spent a whole week. The owner of the tomb wrapped around 20 layers of clothing, silk, hemp fabric, spring and autumn and winter clothes are almost all. The woman embalmed, was sent to the Hunan provincial medical college. Injected preservative, females. soft tissue At any time to muster, then gradually spread, and is very similar to fresh corpses. This is not only a miracle in the history of World Archaeology, but also the miracle of human history. Mawangdui Tombs of the Han Dynasty Tomb structure Mawangdui Tombs of the Han Dynasty A tomb The mound tomb soil sealing, before digging 20 meters high, the bottom diameter of 50-60 meters, most of rammed earth, at the top of the circular platform, has a diameter of about 20 meters, most artificial pile, soil sealing down naturally formed a high of about 4-5 meters of the small mound. A soil for burial, mining and natural mound, with shapes for the ramp rectangular earthen seaft, the direction of the southern and Northern dynasties. Located on the north side of the pit slope ramps, narrow width, top width of 3.1 meters, 2 meters wide at the bottom of. The ramp slope according to the tomb near the end of estimate is 36 degrees, near the tomb of the tomb at the bottom end of the distance of about 3.5 meters high, because there is no specific length and explore the unknown. The tomb of North and south is 19.5 meters long, 17.8 meters wide, from the tomb down four steps, the first step is 16.8 meters long, 15.42 meters wide; the second step is 14.64 meters long, 12.8 meters wide; the third layer is 12.54 meters long, 10.45 meters wide; the fourth step is 10.34 meters long, 8.45 meters. Each layer height is about 1 meters to 1.5 meters, and each layer of stepped wall angle of 105 to 108 degrees, each layer of the bottom surface of the bottom of the steps for vouchers, bucket type of pit wall. Mawangdui Tombs of the Han Dynasty Tomb No. two Is No. two on the west side of the tomb of the tomb is located in Mawangdui, in addition to a double stack. The two tomb tomb tomb tomb from the mouth of the nearest distance of about 23 meters. The grave is earthen ramp belt, the southern and Northern dynasties. The upper mound is irregular oval, 11.5 meters long from north to south, east-west width of 8.95 meters. Near the bottom 3 meters rectangular tomb, 7.25 meters long, 5.95 meters wide. The passage is located in the north side of the tomb near the center, there are two people or even kneeling Tao. The coffin chamber inside the tomb, coffin filled outdoor plaster and yellow mud paste. After excavation, the coffin upper has been rotten, unable to distinguish the situation, only the floor is well preserved, a total of 4 layers, it can be concluded that the three or two for a coffin coffin coffin coffin structure two. Mawangdui Tombs of the Han Dynasty Tomb No. three No. three tomb and the tomb of sharing a large mound, the tomb at the top of the original three tomb mound remaining only 2 meters, into five soil. For a rectangular earthen pit with a ramp, the direction for the north-south direction, about 17.7 meters deep. The tomb about 16.3 meters north-south, east-west width of 15.45 meters. The tomb has following 3 steps, each layer of adduction of about 1 meters, below the bucket type pit wall, to the end of the tomb. Located in the north central pit ramp, the slope is 19 degrees, close to the side of the tomb built two seat kneeling pottery even, or. Around the end of the tomb and the coffin chamber is filled with charcoal, charcoal with white plaster above. A total of two three coffin coffin coffin, grave bottom placed three root wood pad. A 2.61 meters long, 1.22 meters wide. Mawangdui Tombs of the Han Dynasty internal structure Graves Mawangdui tomb on the ground, two mounds, the original size of similar things together, the bottom diameter of about 40 meters, the top round flat, about 16 meters high. The original is a four or five metre high mound, dug the grave mounds in the lower part of tomb building, then the board building rammed out the grave upper and ramps, buried after compaction, erected tall mound. The 3 Tomb of the grave, the form is basically the same, are on the north side of the rectangular earthen ramps. The tomb was the largest and deepest. The tomb, 19.5 meters long from north to south, east-west width of 17.8 meters, the following 4 steps, and then under the bucket shaped hole wall, to the end of the tomb. The end of the tomb is 7.6 meters long, 6.7 meters wide, 16 meters deep, from the top of the tomb coffin chamber to a depth of 20 meters. From the outside, in the inner chamber, in three, in the coffin, and the coffin and the three pad wood composition, placed in the coffin body 1, are very well preserved. Coffin 6.72 meters long, 4.88 meters wide, 2.8 meters high, funerary items are very rich, there are silk, silk, silk painting, lacquer ware, pottery, bamboo, wood, wood and other items. Around the coffin and filling layers of charcoal, thickness of 30 cm to 40 cm, weighing about 1 million pounds, then a full installation of 4 trucks. Charcoal outside the plaster with packing seal, thickness of 60 cm to 130 cm. A large amount of charcoal and ramming very dense white plaster, which played an excellent moisture, air. Mawangdui tomb body anatomy Mawangdui tomb body anatomy The other two tomb pit is shallow, smaller, only 3 steps to the wall. No. 2 tomb bottom 7.25 meters long, 5.95 meters wide; No. 3 Tomb bottom 5.8 meters long, 5.05 meters wide. No. one or two No. three pit pit has been packing, after finishing the reinforcement, preserved, and built a large span roof, for people to visit. Around 3 Tomb Tomb of the bottom and the inner chamber, are filled with charcoal and plaster, and then layers of fill, solid sealing. Tomb No. 1 in charcoal thickness of 0.4~0.5 meters, the total weight of about more than 10 thousand pounds, distributed in the outer layer of the charcoal plaster, 1 ~ 1.3 meters thick, viscous very strong, low permeability, sealing to play a decisive role. Tomb No. 1 plaster pile is thick and uniform, sealed tight, so that more than 10 meters deep underground coffin room into a high standard of constant temperature and humidity, hypoxia, sterile environment, the basic rule of physical, chemical and biological factors damage effect on various substances, the tomb of the coffin, the tomb of the main multi-storey the bodies and funerary objects are preserved intact. The other two tombs, especially the tomb No. 2, because the plaster pile is thin, uneven distribution, the sealing degree is not good, the poor preservation of the tomb. Coffin structure Tomb No. 1 Xinzhui recover wax Xinzhui recover wax And the 3 Tomb coffin are kept quite complete, the structure is largely the same, but the scale is different. Tomb No. 1 large rooms and 4 sets of coffin coffin, making contact, take buckle tenon and stud joint method set to about 52 cubic meters of wood. The coffin room building with thick pine board, 6.73 meters long, 4.9 meters wide, 2.8 meters high, the wooden floor mats and two trees, then 4 panels and 4 baffles, side box formed centered around the coffin room and the upper cover, roof and two cover. With catalpa 4 sets of coffin wood, wall painted red, the appearance is not the same. The black paint coffin in the largest volume, 2.95 meters long, 1.5 meters wide, 1.44 meters high, without other decoration. The second layer is the black painted coffin, cloud pattern and shape with the complexity of the genie and the beast. The third layer is Zhu painted coffin, decorated with dragon, tiger, rosefinch and immortal auspicious patterns etc.. The fourth layer is directly Kam decorated coffin mortuary corpse, coffin after the first two kinds of silk bundle, then the full posted in the shop for the trim Xiujin feather brocade applique. The coffin room south box more tomb No. 3 of the longitudinal beam. Set the coffin of 3 layers, the outer coffin in the coffin and appearance were painted brown pigment paint, without other decoration, the coffin in Kapit after the full post to beam Pile loop brocade For the trim of the embroidery. Tomb No. 2 from the remaining traces of view, structure and 1, tomb 3 different, built 2 storey coffin coffin. Mawangdui Tombs of the Han Dynasty The tombs belonging Mawangdui Tombs of the Han Dynasty occupant of a tomb As the capital of the Han Chinese Changsha Changsha Linxiang County seat. The cemetery has been called the Five Dynasties and ten Chu Mayin The cemetery, it said Mawangdui had been attached to it; Changsha Wang Liu Fa Cheng, Tang Erji buried his mother "double female". In the cultural relics in the cleaning process, people found a stamp engraved" Concubine Xinzhui "A few words, that the tomb owner's name is xinzhui. In addition some funerary objects, with the "Dai Hou Jiacheng" and "Dai Hou". According to historical records, Dai Hou is a marquis in the early Han Dynasty, who served as prime minister in Changsha country. The basic to determine the age of the grave belongs to the early Western Han Dynasty Changsha country The prime minister, Hou Licang and family tombs of tyre. According to the " Redords of the Grand History of China "And" The History of the Han Dynasty "Records, Changsha Tokura in phase Han Hui Two years (193 BC) died. According to the inscription, seal, seal lacquer that tomb found approximately 50 year old female body in the tomb and the "concubine Xinzhui" of the seal, the tomb was the wife of Li Cang; Tomb No. two "Changsha Prime Minister", "Zhiyin tyre Hou" and "Li Cang" 3 seals, the tomb of the tomb of Li Cang himself; three tomb tomb is the remains of a more than and 30 year old male, is the son of Li cang, Mawangdui Tombs of the Han Dynasty Burial time A piece of wooden slips unearthed from tomb No. 3, "December twelve ulsa Shuo Wu Chen", marks the tomb buried in Emperor Wen of Han Twelve years (before 168). Tomb No. 1 and No. 3 to break the 2 tomb tomb were in the building when the fief, the time should be later. Three tombs are about 20 years time. Mawangdui Tombs of the Han Dynasty Unearthed relic Mawangdui Tombs of the Han Dynasty A tomb Excavation of tomb, unearthed a total of more than a thousand pieces of cultural relics, the specific list is as follows: Lacquerware, a total of 184, with bamboo wood and dry lacquer tire tires, main type, box, hammer, dagger, Fang, goblet, spoon, ear cup, cup mat, cast out, stone, case, and Yi Lian, a few, such as the screen. Wood, a total of 40 baskets, 1 stacked bamboo clip, 1 long handle fan, 1 short handle small fan, 2 pieces of smoked bamboo cover (a small), 1 wood, 32 wood Bi, 13 wooden horns, 8 pieces of wood ivory, 1 pieces of bamboo string 2, 1 pieces of bamboo chopsticks, wooden comb, 2 grate, 2 mats, mats 4; A large number of plant samples or specimens, including rice, wheat, barley, millet, millet, soybean, beans, grains and beans, and muskmelon, jujube, pear, plum, waxberry fruit, sunflower, mustard, ginger, lotus and other vegetables, sweet grass, galangal, cinnamon, pepper, ginger, magnolia flower, Ligusticum Du Heng, Perrin, and other Chinese herbal medicines, in addition to a small amount of marijuana. Silk, which has most species seen in historical records, silk, Rosa, brocade, embroidery, and other colors are brown Yee, tea, red, gray, red, yellow, brown, brown, yellow, blue, green, white, weaving, embroidery, painting patterns etc.. Clothing have curly skirt, white silk plain yarn Zen clothing, silk gowns, gowns, gowns embroidered silk cotton rose, margin beten etc.. In addition, there is the famous painting, the painting is in a T shape, the top covered with bamboo, and with ribbons, upper and lower 205 cm long, 92 cm wide upper and lower 47.7 cm wide, very intact, about this painting name how to address a variety of claims, the Ming Jing said, non Yi said, painting, painting banner said shortage, its function is also introduced, said the complex soul soul into heaven said, buried tomb and soul leading town said several. A large number of animal specimens, a total of 24 species, including Southern China rabbits, dogs, pigs, deer, cattle and sheep were 6 species, belonging to 5 orders and 3 families; Mandarin Duck, duck, goose, bamboo chicken, chicken, pheasant, crane, doves, fire doves, owl, magpies and sparrows 12 birds, belonging to 7 orders and 6 families; there are carp, crucian carp, bream, 2007, the silver thorn and mandarin fish 6 fish species belonging to 2 families and 2 orders; Bamboo, a total of 312 medals, records above 2063 words. 1, seal, seal engraved "concubine Xin" 3 words, the last word is not recognized. A well preserved, not rotting corpse, is the owner of the tomb Xinzhui lady's body. A total of 51 pieces of pottery, pottery, which has 22 big pot, 1 pieces of amphora, 1 year, the rest are all grey clay. According to differentiate type, a total of 6 Ding (plain 4, painted 2, 6 boxes (plain) 4 pieces, 2 pieces of painting, 4) side pot, 2 minutes, 2 pieces of 1 pieces of glass, francium, 2 beans, 1 pot, 2 pieces of smoked furnace, 1 - 1, kettle, 23 tank. Metal products, only 1 pieces of unearthed bronze mirrors and 16 bell shaped tin (generalized that also includes some ornaments on the lacquer ware). Where, for a total of 162, including 2 pieces of clothing wearing a crown male figurines, figurines waitress 10 pieces, 8 pieces of clothing and figurines, all painted tomb figures of 101. Musical instruments, a total of 1 out of 1 with Joseph, 1 sets of Yu, Yu law. Mawangdui Tombs of the Han Dynasty Tomb No. two No. two Mawangdui Han tomb unearthed cultural relics are as follows: Three: the tomb of the jade seal private printing a book, Yin body seal "Li Cang Ming" two characters; copper organ printed two, respectively Zhuanti intaglio carving "Changsha Prime Minister", "Hou Zhiyin tyre", the private printing engraved on the text to correct the "historical records" and "Han". Record error; Lacquer, about 200 pieces, most of the damage type, can distinguish the ear cup (about 100), disc (about 70 pieces), Lian, round pot, holder and dagger etc.; The pottery type Ding (according to the estimate of about 9 pieces), box, imitation, dagger, spoon and smoked furnace, mostly broken; The remaining part of the product, including a small tripod, gold cake, gold balls, and some weapons. Mawangdui Tombs of the Han Dynasty Tomb No. three A total of three tomb funerary objects unearthed more than 1000 pieces, the main list is as follows: Bamboo, a total of 610, part of the residual Jane unearthed in Fengtu, works can be divided into the medicine (200) and qiance (410) two; A total of 38 pieces of weapons, including the bow 4, crossbow 2, vector and vector Quiver (a total of 24, 12, 68.5 cm for the rest of 82.4 cm), weapon 1, sword 3 handle, 1 pieces, 1 pieces of Ge spear etc.; With musical instruments, 1 pieces, 1 pieces of Qin Yu, 1, suspected Xiao instruments 2; Textiles, including the famous Book copied on silk And 4 paintings, 4 paintings, a T shape, 2.33 meters long, 1.41 meters wide, the upper and lower 0.50 meters wide, unearthed tomb paintings and a similar answer; rectangular, 2.12 meters long, 0.94 meters wide, the picture content for the other two horses marching scene; picture has broken, one has to distinguish what is damaged the original theme, another has been damaged, but can see the picture content. Silk manuscripts unearthed some adhesions, width 18 cm, each line width of about 6-7 mm, font direction and silk weft direction, most of the early Lishu font, a seal, according to the writing point of view by many hands, including the contents of the "book of changes", "Lao Tzu", "Warring States", part five the astronomical calendar for divination books, and two maps, which recorded parts and the content of a large number of entry pass. Other textile mainly silk, brocade and embroidery yarn, Romania, etc.; Lacquerware, a total of 316, Ding (6 pieces), box, pot, pot, pan Fang, (68), Zhi, dagger, spoon, ear cup (174), ear cup box, box, case, Yi, a few, screen, skip, mostly wooden tire a word, part of lacquer; Wooden figurines, a total of 104 pieces of clothing including dance figurines and musicians a total of 17 pieces of clothing, 8 pieces of carved figurines, figurines and 4 pieces of clothing, painted figurines 73; Bamboo community, a total of 50 have been unearthed, serious decay, 38 of which have been made in Sheng food, fruits, grains and other animal remains, 2 containing Chinese herbal medicine, the remaining 8 are filled with silk (silk mostly has been disabled or decay); Bo, a total of 1 sets, preservation and historical records are basically the same; Brush 2 pieces, 2 pieces of bronze mirror, mirror at the corner of 1 pieces, 2 piece horn combs, horn grate 2 pieces, 2 pieces of wood comb, comb 2, ring iron cut 1 pieces, 2 pieces of pottery incense burner triangular pattern. Mawangdui Tombs of the Han Dynasty Two Thousands of years have never been stolen, well preserved, so a large number of cultural relics unearthed, well preserved tomb No. 1 and No. 3 tombs, funerary objects are placed in the coffin house around 4 sides of a box, there are full of clothes, food and medicine materials such as bamboo Si, lacquerware, wooden Figurines, musical instruments, wood and pottery, as well as "qiance bamboo", reached more than 1000 pieces. The coffin tomb decorated two Jin are covered with painted paintings. There are also 3 Tomb funerary silk and weapons. The unearthed tomb unearthed in the two thousand calendar years does not rot magic body and tomb No. three of a large number of literature books, provides detailed information for the early Western Han Dynasty history, shocked the world. When a tomb unearthed, because the plaster seal is good, so the woman after two thousand years still intact, was found, had a gas jet combustion, but did not timely collect the gas, I do not know the specific ingredients, the Millennium female pres is still well preserved mystery. Lacquer wooden Figurines Mawangdui lacquer unearthed a total of about 500 pieces, 1 tomb No. 184, No. 3 Tomb 316. This is the largest number in the Han Dynasty lacquer, found around the preservation A group of the best. Is mainly tripod, dagger, box, bottle, francium and goblet, ear cups, plates, Lian, case, several screens and etc.. Paint ear cup accounted for more than half of the total number of lacquer. Most of lacquer wooden body, and is only a few Lian clamping. For decorative patterns painted red, black and gray green color. The patterns with geometric patterns, lines and lines as grass dragon. A lot of lacquer "into the city -" stamp, is manufactured by the Chengdu government of the workshop. The tomb unearthed a large number of them with lacquer, such as cups, plates, cosmetic boxes, cups and plates in the bottom is written "Jun fortune food", "Jun fortune wine", and indicate the capacity of objects. The appearance of bright, which shows the essence of the early Han Dynasty lacquer manufacturing industry. In addition, No. 1, No. 3, two tomb were unearthed more than and 100 pieces of wooden figurines and more than and 30 for meat dish, Cereals, fruits and spices of bamboo. "Qiance bamboo" Detailed records of the No. 1 and No. 3 two tomb funerary objects, and it is the same Bamboo slip In the end The two batch of. No. 1 tomb unearthed 312 pieces, 3 tomb unearthed 410 pieces of content are name, classification by one by one record and the number of funerary items of various items. Implements the list of tomb No. 1 "qiance bamboo slips" about the order is: with all kinds of soup, seven wooden paint Jiuding Ding and sanding, two Ding a, bamboo's a meat dish (including poultry, eggs and fish), with a pottery and wine sauce, a cloth bag of food. And paint wooden utensils, toiletries, silk clothing, musical instruments, fan, seats and soil, wood, but did not mention the corpse clothes quilt, and a considerable number of figurines. Bamboo slips The tomb contained and the object has certain discrepancy, but with two still more, so the name can be determined according to certain objects. Tomb No. 3 of the "qiance bamboo", in addition to most of the content and the same tomb No. 1, also recorded music and dance, such as young men, my servants, including the ceremonial and musical instruments, weapons and other objects, these are wooden figurines and a coffin with real unearthed two wall paintings in the control. Bohua The main entry: Mawangdui tomb painting Create Painting painting Painting painting As the time for the Han Emperor (202 ~ 157) period, has been found in Han Dynasty the earliest single painting. The tomb coffin covered with a fine T painting On the three part, the picture shows heaven and earth and the underground scene, reflects the local traditional customs, the scholars originally thought this painting is the role of guiding the dead to the kingdom of heaven, but because the later found this idea at that time is still not popular, but may be according to local customs evocation ceremony done after the death of the deceased, hope the soul will not disappear. Painting on silk, tomb No. 1 and No. 3 on the coffin tomb intact, colorful, is a rare art treasures. Two paintings of the composition is basically the same, a total length of 2 meters, all for the "T" shaped, drooping of the four corners of the ear, the top strap for Zhang ju2 That should be a necessary funeral when a banner. The upper picture painted on, and the snake god Thang Long graphics, a symbol of heaven realm; under the painted dragon Chuanbi pattern, and the tomb of travel, etc. to the scene. The theme is "lead the soul into heaven". Some people think that "qiance" Jian Wenzhong "a non suit measures two feet long", refers to the paintings on silk. The main difference is that the image of two tomb paintings, 1 tomb tomb No. 3 for women, for men. The 3 Tomb coffin house h

Mawangdui is the name of an early Western Han dynasty site [202 BC-9 AD] situated in a suburb of the modern town of Changsha, Hunan Province, China. The tombs of three members of an elite ruling family were found and excavated during the 1970s. These tombs belonged to the Marquis of Dai and Chancellor of the Kingdom of Changsha, Li Cang [died 186 BC, Tomb 1); Dai Hou Fu-Ren (Lady Dai) [d. after 168 BC, Tomb 2]; and their unnamed son [d. 168 BC, Tomb 3]. The tomb pits were excavated between 15-18 meters (50-60 feet) below the ground surface and a huge earthen mound was piled on top. The tombs contained exceedingly well-preserved artifacts, including some of the oldest manuscripts of classic Chinese texts as well as unknown ones, still being translated and interpreted more than 40 years later. Lady Dai's tomb was filled with a mixture of charcoal and white kaolin clay, which led to the nearly perfect preservation of Lady Dai's body and grave clothes. CONTINUE READING BELOW OUR VIDEO 10 Best Universities In The United States 0:35 / 3:15 Nearly 1,400 objects in Lady Dai's grave included silk tapestries and painted wooden coffins, bamboo objects, pottery vessels, musical instruments (including a 25-string zither), and wooden figures. Lady Dai, whose name was likely Xin Zhui, was elderly at the time of her death, and the autopsy of her body revealed lumbago and a compressed spinal disc. One of the silk paintings was a wonderfully preserved funeral banner in her honor which is featured in the slide show Funeral Banner of Lady Dai. Manuscripts from Mawangdui: I Ching and Lao Tsu Lady Dai's unnamed son's tomb contained more than 20 silk manuscripts preserved in a lacquer hamper, along with silk paintings and other grave goods. The son was about 30 years old when he died, and he was one of several sons of Li Cang. Among the scrolls were seven medical manuscripts, which together comprise the most ancient manuscripts on medicine found in China to date. While these medical texts were mentioned in more recent manuscripts, none of them had survived, so the discovery at Mawangdui was just stunning. Some of the medical treatises have been published in Chinese but are not as yet available in English. A summary of that progress is in Liu 2016. Bamboo slips found in the son's tomb were brief unsigned prescriptional documents covering acupuncture, various drugs and their benefits, health preservation and fertility studies. The manuscripts also include the earliest version yet discovered of the Yijing (commonly spelled I Ching) or "Classic of Changes" and two copies of the "Classic of the Way and its Virtue" by the Taoist philosopher Laozi (or Lao Tzu). The copy of the Yijing probably dates about 190 BC; it includes both the text of the classic book and four or five discrete commentaries, only one of which was known before the excavation, the Xici or "Appended Statements". Scholars (according to Shaughnessy) call the longest one after the first line: Ersanzi wen "The Two or Three Disciples Ask". Also included were some of the world's earliest maps, including the Topographical Map [of the Southern Part of the Kingdom of Changsha in Early Han] (Dixing tu), the "Map of Military Dispositions" (Zhu jun tu, and described in detail below), and the Map of City Streets (Chengyi tu). Medical manuscripts include "Chart of the Burial of the Afterbirth according to Yu (Yuzang tu), "Diagram of Birth of a Person" (Renzi tu) and "Diagram of the Female Genitals" (Pinhu tu). The Diagrams of Guiding and Pulling (Doayin tu) has 44 human figures performing different physical exercises. Some of these manuscripts contain images of celestial deities, astrological and meteorological elements, and/or cosmological schemes that would be used as instruments of divination and magic. Military Maps and Texts The Zhango zonghenjia shu ("A Text of the Strategists in Warring States") contains 27 stories or accounts, eleven of which were known from two other well-known manuscripts, the Zhanguo ce and the Shi Ji. Blanford (1994) compared Account #4 describing the results of a diplomatic mission for the King of Yan to similar accounts in the Shi Ji and Zhanguo ce and found that the Mawangdui versions are more complete than the others. She considers the Mawangdui version more eloquent and of a higher effective rhetorical quality than the later editions. The Military Garrison Map is one of three maps found in Tomb 3 at Mawangdui, all painted in polychrome on silk: the others were a topographic map and a county map. In 2007 Hsu and Martin-Montgomery described their use of a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based approach, geo-referencing the map to physical locations in the Fundamental Digital Map of China. The Mawangdui map supplements the historical accounts of a military conflict described in the Shi Ji between the Han and the Southern Yue, a tributary kingdom to the Han. Three phases of the battle are illustrated, pre-conflict tactical planning, the battle progress of a two-pronged attack, and post-conflict constructions to keep the region under control. The Xingde Three copies of a text called the Xingde (Punishment and Virtue) were found in Tomb 3. This manuscript contains astrological and divination recommendations for successful military conquests. Xingde copy A was transcribed between 196-195 BC; Xingde copy B, between 195-188 BC, and Xingde C is undated but cannot be later than the date the tomb was sealed, 168 BC. Kalinowski and Brooks believe that the Xingde B version contains calendrical corrections for Xingde A. Xingde C is not in good enough condition to reconstruct the text. The Mourning Diagram, also found in Tomb 3 (Lai 2003), describes proper mourning practices, including what mourners should wear and for how long, based on the relationship of the mourner to the deceased. "As for those [one] mourns for a year: for father, [wear] untrimmed sackcloth for thirteen months and then stop. For grandfather, father's brother, brother, brother's son, son, grandson, father's sister, sister, and daughter, [wear] trimmed sackcloth for nine months and then stop." The Arts of the Bedchamber The Arts of the Bedchamber (Li and McMahon) are a series of teaching techniques to assist men in the art of attaining harmonious relationships with women, enhance health and longevity, and generate descendants. In addition to assistance with sexual health and recommended positions, the text includes information about promoting healthy fetus growth and how to tell if your partner is enjoying herself. Sources and Further Information This glossary entry is a part of the About.com Guide to Silk Road and part of the Dictionary of Archaeology. Blanford YF. 1994. Discovery of Lost Eloquence: New Insight from the Mawangdui "Zhanguo zonghengjia shu". Journal of the American Oriental Society 114(1):77-82. Hsu H-MA, and Martin-Montgomery A. 2007. An Emic Perspective on the Mapmaker's Art in Western Han China. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 17(4):443-457. Kalinowski M, and Brooks P. 1998. The Xingde; texts from Mawangdui. Early China 23/24:125-202. Lai G. 2003. The diagram of the mourning system from Mawangdui. Early China 28:43-99. Li L, and McMahon K. 1992. The contents and terminology of the Mawangdui texts on the arts of the bedchamber. Early China 17:145-185. Liu C. 2016. Review on the Studies of Unearthed Mawangdui Medical Books. Scientific Research 5(1). Shaughnessy EL. 1994. A first reading of the Mawangdui "yijing" manuscript. Early China 19:47-73.

Archeologists are hoping that a two-thousand-year-old tomb in eastern China can be added to the list of world heritage sites, because of its cultural significance. The Haihunhou Tombs in Nanchang City, the capital of east China's Jiangxi Province, date back to the Western Han Dynasty. They are thought to belong to the aristocrat Liu He, grandson of Emperor Wu. Liu was given the title "Haihunhou", or the Marquis of Haihun, after he was deposed as emperor after only 27 days. Haihun is the ancient name of a very small kingdom in the north of Jiangxi. A total of more than 20-thousand relics have been discovered, including thousands of bamboo slips and hundreds of gold coins. Li Zebin from Nanjing Museum Archaeological Research Institute said such a complete aristocrat's tomb in the Western Han Dynasty is a milestone discovery "This is the most important archaeological discovery in Qin and Han dynasty over the past decades. It is even more significant than the discovery of the well-known Mawangdui tombs of the same dynasty." More than one hundred of the relics have been send to laboratories for further research, including a Still, for making alcohol, which may change the history of Chinese liquor. Quan Hong is the curator of Guangzhou Nanyue Kingdom Palace Museum. "We are astonished at the size of the Still. The manufacturing technology is very advanced. If we can prove this Still was used for making liquor or distilling mercury, it will be a great discovery for archaeological research in science, especially in chemistry." Researchers are still working through the main chamber of the tomb in the Haihunhou cemetery. It covers roughly 40,000 square meters and contains eight tombs and a burial site for chariot-pulling horses. It is reported the Haihunhou Tombs will be developed as a national archaeological park.